Artikel Adverbial Clause

THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE SYSTEM

International economists have traditionally taken a macroscopic perspective on international economist relations. By considering trade and investment only at the national level,they have impliicitly regarded national  the economist as the agents of international transactions. Althought we shall rely on the macroscopic (or national )perspective in parts I,II,and III, we must recognize that this perspective is necessary but no longer sufficient to explain the behavior of the international economy. Multinational enterprises have become responsible for a sizable (and increasing) share of world trade and for most international investment. As big,oligopolistic companies,multinational enterprises possess a market power that makes them independent actors in the international economic system. Unlike firms in purely competitive markets,multinational enterprises enjoy managerial discretion in their decisions; they do not simply respond to market conditions and public policies in a predetermined way. Indeed, their actions force changes in national economies and compel government to respond to them. Thus, to understand the contemporary international economy we must supplement a macroscopic perspective with a microscopic perspective that considers the role of the multinational enterprise. This is the third theme of this book, which is taken up in part IV. Here we make only a few additional comments on this subject.

 A firm becomes a multinational enterprise when it extends its productions and organization into foreign countries. The multinational enterprise system, therefore, consists of a parent company; its producing and marketing affiliates in foreign countries; the flows of products ,services ,capital, technology, management, and funds among them. These intraenterprise transfer (flows) cross national boundaries and therefore enter the balance of payments of nations in the same way as international transaction between independent buyers and seller.

Althrougt it has roots in the past, the multinational enterprise has become a dominant institution only since the late 1950s, when the political and economic system of the industrial West began to favor the spread of international production by corporation in the search of market opportunity and lower cost. As a consequence, the traditional international economy of traders has now given way to a world economy of international producers. Our comprehension of this world economy is modest indeed. Part IV will be an exploration of new terrain in international e

Adverbial clause

Ø ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.