May 20 national day of resurrection
In order to commemorate National Awakening Day May 20, it helps us recall the history of our nation, which began with the birth of the first nationalist movement Boedi Oetomo on 20 May 1908, nearly a hundred years ago. This national movement led by Dr. Soetomo in Jakarta. With the encouragement Boedi Oetomo birth to this, then SI was born, in 1912, under the leadership of Haji OS Tjokroaminoto with Haji Agus Salim and Abdul Muis. In 1912 it was born is also one of the most important political movement, namely the Indische Partij dimpimpin by Douwes Dekker (Dr. Setiabudhi), RM Suwardi Suryaningrat and Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo. In 1913, the party was banned by the Dutch colonial government and its leaders were rounded up and then dumped in exile.
In the aftermath of this development, then in 1914 an organization was born in Semarang berfaham left (communists), the Indische Sociaal Democratic Vereeniging (ISDV) under the leadership of Sneevliet and Semaun. In the year 1920 (May 23) ISDV has been changed to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), with the leadership Semaun too. In the struggle against Dutch colonialism, the PKI has sparked rebel in Banten, Jakarta and Yogyakarta in 1926, and later also in West Sumatra in 1927. After the rebellion was suppressed by the Dutch colonial administration, the leadership and thousands of PKI members were arrested, and later into exile in red soil.
Armed with the above history, it's time we as a society Indonesia unite to rebuild a country for several years has continuously given the trials and calamities, and rampant criminal cases from the start made by people who perkenomiannya weak even to the officials constantly stealing state assets Indonesia. Therefore, let's start of National Awakening Day this year with their introspection. Let's fix both moral of each of us and also moral Indonesian society as a whole, so our expectations, with good morals of society, then our beloved country is going to be good also.
In addition to good morals, that is no less important is the issue of education in our country. With this moment of National Awakening Day, let us equally contributing and best solutions to build Indonesia's education is good and qualified. Due to the moral good of human resources and has a good quantity and quality of the Indonesian nation can rise up into a good and dignified nation.
Rabu, 25 Mei 2011
Minggu, 22 Mei 2011
Poem to MOM
Poem to MOM
Mother ...
is a woman who has I gave birth
take care
raising
educate me
until I had grown
Mother ...
is a woman who is always alert when I was in the cradle
when my legs not strong enough to stand
when my stomach feels hungry and thirsty
when kuterbangun in the morning, noon and night
Mother ...
is a caring woman
when I was sick
when I fell
when I cry
when I'm lonely
Mother ...
has been sleeping at a time when I looked at your face
there is light filled with keridhoan
rays are full of patience
there is light filled with love and affection
there is light because I'm exhausted
I always trouble
I always seize your attention
I have spent the water Susumu
I always trouble you until the tears
Mother ...
you cry because I
are you sad because I
You suffer because of me
you skinny because I
You sacrificed everything for me
Mother ...
credit is not rewarded
credit is not bought
credit is endless
credit is matchless
credit is beautifully painted in heaven
Mother ...
can only pray that I dedicate to you
because of your righteousness
gone unreturned
Only tears as witness
of my love for you
Mother ..., I LOVE YOU SO MUCH
also the father ...!!!
Mother ...
is a woman who has I gave birth
take care
raising
educate me
until I had grown
Mother ...
is a woman who is always alert when I was in the cradle
when my legs not strong enough to stand
when my stomach feels hungry and thirsty
when kuterbangun in the morning, noon and night
Mother ...
is a caring woman
when I was sick
when I fell
when I cry
when I'm lonely
Mother ...
has been sleeping at a time when I looked at your face
there is light filled with keridhoan
rays are full of patience
there is light filled with love and affection
there is light because I'm exhausted
I always trouble
I always seize your attention
I have spent the water Susumu
I always trouble you until the tears
Mother ...
you cry because I
are you sad because I
You suffer because of me
you skinny because I
You sacrificed everything for me
Mother ...
credit is not rewarded
credit is not bought
credit is endless
credit is matchless
credit is beautifully painted in heaven
Mother ...
can only pray that I dedicate to you
because of your righteousness
gone unreturned
Only tears as witness
of my love for you
Mother ..., I LOVE YOU SO MUCH
also the father ...!!!
CLEAN WATER
CLEAN WATER
People, when and wherever they are, cannot live without water. They need water for dringking, cooking, bathing, etc. They need it for their daily lives. A man should drink more or less five litters of water everyday.
Since water is very important both for domestic need as mentioned above, and industrial need, people should keep their environments and avoid them from pollution, esprcially that concerns with the source of clean water. If it is polluted, diseases are easy to attack people.
There are two sources of water. The first one is ground water. Which is usually clean, especially when the source is far from industrial centre. In villages, people dig wells everywhere to fulfill their daily needs of clean water. It is easy for them to live near a large forest of a jungle in order to get clean water. A dense forest or jungle with many roots and humus keeps and spings a lot of water needed by people.
In cities, it is more expensive to getground water because people should drill and set a pump. Sometimes, they run the risk of getting polluted water of the indusrial waste.
Surface water from a river, a lake or a damp is processed by a water company. It is a distributed to houses, factories, hotels, through long pipes.
People, when and wherever they are, cannot live without water. They need water for dringking, cooking, bathing, etc. They need it for their daily lives. A man should drink more or less five litters of water everyday.
Since water is very important both for domestic need as mentioned above, and industrial need, people should keep their environments and avoid them from pollution, esprcially that concerns with the source of clean water. If it is polluted, diseases are easy to attack people.
There are two sources of water. The first one is ground water. Which is usually clean, especially when the source is far from industrial centre. In villages, people dig wells everywhere to fulfill their daily needs of clean water. It is easy for them to live near a large forest of a jungle in order to get clean water. A dense forest or jungle with many roots and humus keeps and spings a lot of water needed by people.
In cities, it is more expensive to getground water because people should drill and set a pump. Sometimes, they run the risk of getting polluted water of the indusrial waste.
Surface water from a river, a lake or a damp is processed by a water company. It is a distributed to houses, factories, hotels, through long pipes.
TOURISM SPOTS
TOURISM SPOTS
During the last two decades of 20th century, Indonesian tourism was really a good business. A lot of foreigners from many countries find Indonesia as a very nice place to visit because there are many interesting places to enjoy such as Bali, Borobudur, Ancol, Yogyakarta Palace, Lake Toba, Mount Bromo, West Sumatra, etc.
Ancol, in North Jakarta, is very popular. It offers attractive entertainments such as dancing, music, animals show, beach, swimming pool, etc. Dufan display fantastic entertainments.
Tugu Monas (National Monument), at the center of Merdeka Square in Central Jakarta, is well-known. It is 137 meters high. On the top there is a special structure of fire flame which is made of alloy coated with pure gold of 35 kilogramme weight. The Indonesian stuggle and spirit of independence are symbolised by the flame. The picture of the Indonesian heroes are displayed at the base of the Monument.
Lake Toba is an interesting mountain resort with Samosir island in the middle. It is located in the center of he Bukit Barisan mountain range in North Sumatra.
Borobudur is a gigantic shrine of Buddhism in Central Java. It lies in north-west of Yogyakarta. It is also well-known as one of the seven world miracle.
Some people say that Bali is the heaven of the world because of its nice places to visit. The Balinese tradition is unique and interesting. Its culture is influenced by Balinese Hinduism. Balinese traditional customs is family and community life are influenced by the religion, Balinese Hinduism.
There are many small islands in Maluku with nice beaches. Magnificent underwater gardens can be found there. People can see great varieties of colour fishes through glass installed at the bottom of boats or by diving.
There are still many interesting places in Indonesia, such as Bogor Botanical Garden, Tangkuban Perahu creater, Parang Tritis beach, etc.
During the last two decades of 20th century, Indonesian tourism was really a good business. A lot of foreigners from many countries find Indonesia as a very nice place to visit because there are many interesting places to enjoy such as Bali, Borobudur, Ancol, Yogyakarta Palace, Lake Toba, Mount Bromo, West Sumatra, etc.
Ancol, in North Jakarta, is very popular. It offers attractive entertainments such as dancing, music, animals show, beach, swimming pool, etc. Dufan display fantastic entertainments.
Tugu Monas (National Monument), at the center of Merdeka Square in Central Jakarta, is well-known. It is 137 meters high. On the top there is a special structure of fire flame which is made of alloy coated with pure gold of 35 kilogramme weight. The Indonesian stuggle and spirit of independence are symbolised by the flame. The picture of the Indonesian heroes are displayed at the base of the Monument.
Lake Toba is an interesting mountain resort with Samosir island in the middle. It is located in the center of he Bukit Barisan mountain range in North Sumatra.
Borobudur is a gigantic shrine of Buddhism in Central Java. It lies in north-west of Yogyakarta. It is also well-known as one of the seven world miracle.
Some people say that Bali is the heaven of the world because of its nice places to visit. The Balinese tradition is unique and interesting. Its culture is influenced by Balinese Hinduism. Balinese traditional customs is family and community life are influenced by the religion, Balinese Hinduism.
There are many small islands in Maluku with nice beaches. Magnificent underwater gardens can be found there. People can see great varieties of colour fishes through glass installed at the bottom of boats or by diving.
There are still many interesting places in Indonesia, such as Bogor Botanical Garden, Tangkuban Perahu creater, Parang Tritis beach, etc.
Bluebird
Bluebird
Eastern bluebirds are known for their vibrant coloring and sweet songs.
Photograph by Richard Day/Animals Animals—Earth Scenes
Map
Bluebird Range
Audio
Fast Facts
Type:
Bird
Diet:
Omnivore
Average life span in the wild:
6 to 10 years
Size:
6.5 to 8.5 in (16.5 to 19 cm)
Weight:
0.84 to 1.09 oz (24 to 31 g)
Group name:
Flock
Size relative to a tea cup:
There are three species of these colorful North American birds. Eastern and western bluebirds have a reddish brown breast, which contrasts with their predominately blue plumage. Their relative, the (male) mountain bluebird is entirely blue.
Eastern bluebirds are primarily found east of the Rockies, and range from Canada to Mexico and Honduras. They are much admired for their lovely coloring and for a distinctive song that many hear as "chur-lee, chur-lee." The eastern bluebird is the state bird of both New York and Missouri.
Western bluebirds are found west of the Rocky Mountains from Canada to Mexico. The mountain bluebird also inhabits much of western North America—often at elevations above 7,000 feet (2,133 meters).
Bluebirds eat small fruits and hunt insects, spiders, and other creatures from above. The birds perch, watch, and then swoop to the ground to pounce on their prey.
Pairs mate in spring and summer, when they construct small, bowl-shaped nests. Females lay four or five eggs and incubate them for about two weeks. Young remain in the nest, cared for by both parents, for an additional 15 to 20 days. Bluebirds often have two broods in a season. Sometimes, a young bluebird from the first brood will remain in the nest and assist its parents in caring for the second.
Bluebirds living in higher latitudes may head south if food becomes scarce or temperatures too cold. Mountain bluebirds typically migrate to lower elevations during the same lean seasons.
Bluebirds are considered fairly common, but their numbers have declined substantially during the last century. Populations have been given a boost by the birdhouse boxes that have become popular in many parks and backyards.
Eastern bluebirds are known for their vibrant coloring and sweet songs.
Photograph by Richard Day/Animals Animals—Earth Scenes
Map
Bluebird Range
Audio
Fast Facts
Type:
Bird
Diet:
Omnivore
Average life span in the wild:
6 to 10 years
Size:
6.5 to 8.5 in (16.5 to 19 cm)
Weight:
0.84 to 1.09 oz (24 to 31 g)
Group name:
Flock
Size relative to a tea cup:
There are three species of these colorful North American birds. Eastern and western bluebirds have a reddish brown breast, which contrasts with their predominately blue plumage. Their relative, the (male) mountain bluebird is entirely blue.
Eastern bluebirds are primarily found east of the Rockies, and range from Canada to Mexico and Honduras. They are much admired for their lovely coloring and for a distinctive song that many hear as "chur-lee, chur-lee." The eastern bluebird is the state bird of both New York and Missouri.
Western bluebirds are found west of the Rocky Mountains from Canada to Mexico. The mountain bluebird also inhabits much of western North America—often at elevations above 7,000 feet (2,133 meters).
Bluebirds eat small fruits and hunt insects, spiders, and other creatures from above. The birds perch, watch, and then swoop to the ground to pounce on their prey.
Pairs mate in spring and summer, when they construct small, bowl-shaped nests. Females lay four or five eggs and incubate them for about two weeks. Young remain in the nest, cared for by both parents, for an additional 15 to 20 days. Bluebirds often have two broods in a season. Sometimes, a young bluebird from the first brood will remain in the nest and assist its parents in caring for the second.
Bluebirds living in higher latitudes may head south if food becomes scarce or temperatures too cold. Mountain bluebirds typically migrate to lower elevations during the same lean seasons.
Bluebirds are considered fairly common, but their numbers have declined substantially during the last century. Populations have been given a boost by the birdhouse boxes that have become popular in many parks and backyards.
Kamis, 19 Mei 2011
Here, Seeing Smile
Here, Seeing Smile
I always wanted to see you smile. .
Always happy. .
And here I am. .
Pull off the road to see from a distance. .
Waiting in yearning. .
I hope who make you laugh. .
To me
smile stop the world. .
Makes me unconscious
I have long been here
notice. .
In every dream
I pray
in any fancy
I hope
for you. .
By bahagiamu. .
Do not want to loose my sight
I do not let the world interfere. .
Yourself. .
I'm always here
hadirmu awaits. .
Want to re-look at you
and again stop the time. .
In the usual place we met. .
Taukah you where it?
Heart. .
I always wanted to see you smile. .
Always happy. .
And here I am. .
Pull off the road to see from a distance. .
Waiting in yearning. .
I hope who make you laugh. .
To me
smile stop the world. .
Makes me unconscious
I have long been here
notice. .
In every dream
I pray
in any fancy
I hope
for you. .
By bahagiamu. .
Do not want to loose my sight
I do not let the world interfere. .
Yourself. .
I'm always here
hadirmu awaits. .
Want to re-look at you
and again stop the time. .
In the usual place we met. .
Taukah you where it?
Heart. .
Karawang-BEKASI
Karawang-BEKASI
We are now lying between Karawang-Bekasi
can not shout "Merdeka" and take up arms again.
But who can no longer hear us roar,
we imagined and mendegap advanced liver?
We talked to you in silence in the lonely night
If the chest feeling empty and a ticking clock
We die young. Living bone covered with dust.
Remember, we recall.
We've tried what we could
But work was not completed, yet can take into account the meaning of thousands of lives 4-5
We just scattered bones
But it is yours
You're more to determine the value of the bones scattered
Or our souls floated to victory and hope of independence
or not for nothing,
We do not know, we no longer can say
You're the one now who say
We talked to you in silence in the lonely night
If there is a sense of emptiness and a ticking clock
Remember, we recall
Forward, forward our souls
Keeping Bung Karno
keep the Bung Hatta
keep Bung Sjahrir
We now dead
Give us the meaning of
Guard continues at the statement boundary line and dream
Remember, we recall
living bones covered with dust
Thousands of us lying between Krawang-Used
We are now lying between Karawang-Bekasi
can not shout "Merdeka" and take up arms again.
But who can no longer hear us roar,
we imagined and mendegap advanced liver?
We talked to you in silence in the lonely night
If the chest feeling empty and a ticking clock
We die young. Living bone covered with dust.
Remember, we recall.
We've tried what we could
But work was not completed, yet can take into account the meaning of thousands of lives 4-5
We just scattered bones
But it is yours
You're more to determine the value of the bones scattered
Or our souls floated to victory and hope of independence
or not for nothing,
We do not know, we no longer can say
You're the one now who say
We talked to you in silence in the lonely night
If there is a sense of emptiness and a ticking clock
Remember, we recall
Forward, forward our souls
Keeping Bung Karno
keep the Bung Hatta
keep Bung Sjahrir
We now dead
Give us the meaning of
Guard continues at the statement boundary line and dream
Remember, we recall
living bones covered with dust
Thousands of us lying between Krawang-Used
Cat fur coat from
Cat fur coat from
Cats are one of the funniest and most enjoyable thing in the world. Cats also a drug that stress can make our hearts be calm when playing with them.
But since the 13th century, many kingdoms and churches in Europe that use fur as one of their accessories. Cat hair are considered exotic and inexpensive.
In the centuries that many cat fur is produced in Belgium, even reportedly now in Belgium there are those who breed cats for their fur.
In addition to the thick fur for clothing in cold, cat fur was also used as a fashion for them.
The better the color and pattern, the more expensive price. One of the famous cat fur expensive in Eastern Europe is of a kind "Russian Blue" which has a bluish-silver hair
Talk about animal torture, China and Eastern Europe into a legal place for the leather industry is illegal in many countries.
Why illegal?
Because the leather industry that I am talking about here is not a crocodile, snake, or commonly farmed cattle.
Coat made of cat hair
China as the world's largest supplier of cat fur
According to PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), more than two million cats and dogs are sadistically skinned in China.
They are even skinning them alive fur or half dying. They grow fur because there were so many requests from American and European markets.
And back again is because a few dollars in their favor.
They think skinning a cat and dog fur alive easier than when in a state of death.
Their bodies are still warm so that the skin is still soft to be skinned. While most animals skinned it even still yowling and groaning in pain.
The workers even stepped on the head or pubic piercing is cute animals to be easy to be skinned. Then after it is skinned, the body of the cats were then thrown into a collection of other cats that meet the same fate and was covered in blood
:
The myth that developed in Europe
As I explained earlier that the use of cat fur in Europe already since the 13th century. Myth cat fur to treat various diseases that exist on the wearer.
Such as arthritis, rheumatism, and pain in the spine. But until now the myth has never been proven despite a lot of advanced treatment methods which can overcome these diseases.
Other countries that still legalized
Besides China, there are other countries that are known to produce and legalize this inhumane industry.
Those countries are Thailand, Philippines, Korea, Scandinavia, Australia, and England.
Secret investigations conducted in these countries by the HSUS (Humane Society of the USA) for 2 years to get results very surprising. They found hundreds of cats kept in a cramped, dirty cages.
To get these cats, they can catch it on the streets or abducted pet cat. If they get a cat kind of rare or pretty hairy, usually they'll put in a special place because the price will be very expensive.
British police reported that kidnapping cats more intense as this, while in many countries feral cats are still a lot of hunting going to be taken fur.
Cat Islam
In the curriculum vitae of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, we are told that he has a cat named Mueeza. Mueeza is a very funny cat and submissive.
Once upon a time when the Prophet Muhammad wanted to take his mantle, Mueeza was sleeping on his robe sleeve. Then he cut the sleeves of his robes who slept Mueeza for the cat did not wake up.
When the Prophet returned to the house, woke up and ducked Mueeza prostration to her employer. In return, the Prophet by gently stroking the cat's tiny body 3 times.
Cats are one of the funniest and most enjoyable thing in the world. Cats also a drug that stress can make our hearts be calm when playing with them.
But since the 13th century, many kingdoms and churches in Europe that use fur as one of their accessories. Cat hair are considered exotic and inexpensive.
In the centuries that many cat fur is produced in Belgium, even reportedly now in Belgium there are those who breed cats for their fur.
In addition to the thick fur for clothing in cold, cat fur was also used as a fashion for them.
The better the color and pattern, the more expensive price. One of the famous cat fur expensive in Eastern Europe is of a kind "Russian Blue" which has a bluish-silver hair
Talk about animal torture, China and Eastern Europe into a legal place for the leather industry is illegal in many countries.
Why illegal?
Because the leather industry that I am talking about here is not a crocodile, snake, or commonly farmed cattle.
Coat made of cat hair
China as the world's largest supplier of cat fur
According to PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), more than two million cats and dogs are sadistically skinned in China.
They are even skinning them alive fur or half dying. They grow fur because there were so many requests from American and European markets.
And back again is because a few dollars in their favor.
They think skinning a cat and dog fur alive easier than when in a state of death.
Their bodies are still warm so that the skin is still soft to be skinned. While most animals skinned it even still yowling and groaning in pain.
The workers even stepped on the head or pubic piercing is cute animals to be easy to be skinned. Then after it is skinned, the body of the cats were then thrown into a collection of other cats that meet the same fate and was covered in blood
:
The myth that developed in Europe
As I explained earlier that the use of cat fur in Europe already since the 13th century. Myth cat fur to treat various diseases that exist on the wearer.
Such as arthritis, rheumatism, and pain in the spine. But until now the myth has never been proven despite a lot of advanced treatment methods which can overcome these diseases.
Other countries that still legalized
Besides China, there are other countries that are known to produce and legalize this inhumane industry.
Those countries are Thailand, Philippines, Korea, Scandinavia, Australia, and England.
Secret investigations conducted in these countries by the HSUS (Humane Society of the USA) for 2 years to get results very surprising. They found hundreds of cats kept in a cramped, dirty cages.
To get these cats, they can catch it on the streets or abducted pet cat. If they get a cat kind of rare or pretty hairy, usually they'll put in a special place because the price will be very expensive.
British police reported that kidnapping cats more intense as this, while in many countries feral cats are still a lot of hunting going to be taken fur.
Cat Islam
In the curriculum vitae of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, we are told that he has a cat named Mueeza. Mueeza is a very funny cat and submissive.
Once upon a time when the Prophet Muhammad wanted to take his mantle, Mueeza was sleeping on his robe sleeve. Then he cut the sleeves of his robes who slept Mueeza for the cat did not wake up.
When the Prophet returned to the house, woke up and ducked Mueeza prostration to her employer. In return, the Prophet by gently stroking the cat's tiny body 3 times.
ARTIKEL YG MENGANDUNG PRESENT P ERFECT
ARTIKEL YG MENGANDUNG PRESENT PERFECT
Once upon a time, there was a girl called Cinderella. Cinderella is lived happily with her mother and father until her mother died. Feel that Cinderella needs a mother figure in his life, Cinderella’s father remarries to a woman who has two daughters of her own.
Unfortunately, Cinderella's father dies and she lived only with her stepmother and stepsisters. They were very bossy, she had to do all the housework.
One day on invitation to the hall come to the family. The King invited for all the eligible ladies in the kingdom so as to find Prince a wife. Her stepsisters would no let her go. Cinderella was sad. The stepsisters went to the hall without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the hall with the wave of magic wand, helped prepared Cinderella for the hall. The fairy does warn her that is magic will end at a stroke of midnight, so she must leaved the hall before than.
At the hall all people surprised when Cinderella arrived. And then the Prince invited Cinderella to danced. He fell in love with her.
All of a sudden, the clock star to chime that is a midnight. Cinderella hastily runs away, dropped a glass slipper as she does so. Cinderella escapes, with nothing from the night left, except from the other glass slipper, which had not changed back.
Prince Charming orders his love to be found by means of the odd shoe, and the Grand Duke is sent around the land getting every girl in the land to try on the glass slipper to see if it fits.
Eventually the Grand Duke reaches the residence of Cinderella, but she is nowhere to be seen. The stepsisters frantically try to get the glass slipper to fit so as to wed into royalty, but compatible nothing that. The Grand Duke is about to leave as Cinderella finally appears. He orders the messenger to brought forth the glass slipper, yet the stepmother in a last minute attempt to prevent her stepdaughter from better things, causes the messenger to trip, thus broken the fragile shoe into pieces. Yet the arrogant woman hadn't betted on Cinderella produced the other glass slipper, which fits onto Cinderella's foot perfectly.
Very soon, wedding bells ring, and Cinderella married her prince, and they live happily ever after.
Once upon a time, there was a girl called Cinderella. Cinderella is lived happily with her mother and father until her mother died. Feel that Cinderella needs a mother figure in his life, Cinderella’s father remarries to a woman who has two daughters of her own.
Unfortunately, Cinderella's father dies and she lived only with her stepmother and stepsisters. They were very bossy, she had to do all the housework.
One day on invitation to the hall come to the family. The King invited for all the eligible ladies in the kingdom so as to find Prince a wife. Her stepsisters would no let her go. Cinderella was sad. The stepsisters went to the hall without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the hall with the wave of magic wand, helped prepared Cinderella for the hall. The fairy does warn her that is magic will end at a stroke of midnight, so she must leaved the hall before than.
At the hall all people surprised when Cinderella arrived. And then the Prince invited Cinderella to danced. He fell in love with her.
All of a sudden, the clock star to chime that is a midnight. Cinderella hastily runs away, dropped a glass slipper as she does so. Cinderella escapes, with nothing from the night left, except from the other glass slipper, which had not changed back.
Prince Charming orders his love to be found by means of the odd shoe, and the Grand Duke is sent around the land getting every girl in the land to try on the glass slipper to see if it fits.
Eventually the Grand Duke reaches the residence of Cinderella, but she is nowhere to be seen. The stepsisters frantically try to get the glass slipper to fit so as to wed into royalty, but compatible nothing that. The Grand Duke is about to leave as Cinderella finally appears. He orders the messenger to brought forth the glass slipper, yet the stepmother in a last minute attempt to prevent her stepdaughter from better things, causes the messenger to trip, thus broken the fragile shoe into pieces. Yet the arrogant woman hadn't betted on Cinderella produced the other glass slipper, which fits onto Cinderella's foot perfectly.
Very soon, wedding bells ring, and Cinderella married her prince, and they live happily ever after.
10 Naughty Ways to Ruin a Good Night's Sleep
10 Naughty Ways to Ruin a Good Night's Sleep
Getting a good night's sleep is often a matter of timing. Something as simple as an after-dinner drink can pop your eyes open an hour after you've drifted off to dreamland. Even good sleepers can stare at the ceiling in the early morning hours if their timing is off in any of these 10 ways:
1. Drinking within 4 to 6 hours of bedtime. Yes, a second glass of wine at dinner may make you drowsy at first, but as the alcohol wears off, it eventually leads to restlessness -- the kind that awakens you.
2. Eating nothing since lunch. An empty stomach keeps you from falling asleep. A high-carb snack (toast, cereal, pasta) and a glass of milk will quiet the growling and bring on sleep.
3. Having caffeine after noon. If sleep's an issue, make your midmorning cuppa joe your last cup of the day. Caffeine can linger in your body for 12 hours. Skip black and green tea, chocolate, and colas, too.
4. Eating a big meal after 7 p.m. An overtaxed gastrointestinal tract takes hours to settle down. If you have to be bright-eyed for an early morning meeting, eat a light early dinner the night before, meaning about 500 calories of food (and avoid anything that's super spicy or gassy).
5. Working up a sweat within 4 hours of bedtime. Vigorous exercise is stimulating. Try relaxation exercises instead; they'll help you turn off the stresses of the day and fall asleep. Are you a shift worker? Learn how to lower your health risks.
6. Smoking just before turning out the light. Among other nasty things, nicotine is a stimulant that fragments your sleep cycle.
7. Keeping your iPhone, iPad, or PDA by the bed. Limit bedtime activities to sleeping and sex . . . nothing else. No playing Words With Friends, checking e-mail, or tweeting one last time. Ban anything with an electronic screen from the bedroom (radios are fine). And turn off the TV and computer an hour before you begin your bedtime rituals.
8. Napping after 3 p.m. A brief snooze midday enhances productivity, but limit your siesta to 30-45 minutes. If bedtime comes and you're not sleepy, don't take naps at all.
9. Taking a hot bath just before bed. You'll get warm all over, which sounds like a good thing, but cooling down is actually part of falling asleep (which is why you need covers). The best time for that bath is 1.5 hours before turning in. Here's a DIY sleep fix that will ease you off to dreamland.
10. Working till bedtime. Create a mental space between working -- especially important if you work at home or bring work home from the office. That includes no reading work papers in bed. Tomorrow's task list running around your brain? Write a to-do list before going to bed.
Getting a good night's sleep is often a matter of timing. Something as simple as an after-dinner drink can pop your eyes open an hour after you've drifted off to dreamland. Even good sleepers can stare at the ceiling in the early morning hours if their timing is off in any of these 10 ways:
1. Drinking within 4 to 6 hours of bedtime. Yes, a second glass of wine at dinner may make you drowsy at first, but as the alcohol wears off, it eventually leads to restlessness -- the kind that awakens you.
2. Eating nothing since lunch. An empty stomach keeps you from falling asleep. A high-carb snack (toast, cereal, pasta) and a glass of milk will quiet the growling and bring on sleep.
3. Having caffeine after noon. If sleep's an issue, make your midmorning cuppa joe your last cup of the day. Caffeine can linger in your body for 12 hours. Skip black and green tea, chocolate, and colas, too.
4. Eating a big meal after 7 p.m. An overtaxed gastrointestinal tract takes hours to settle down. If you have to be bright-eyed for an early morning meeting, eat a light early dinner the night before, meaning about 500 calories of food (and avoid anything that's super spicy or gassy).
5. Working up a sweat within 4 hours of bedtime. Vigorous exercise is stimulating. Try relaxation exercises instead; they'll help you turn off the stresses of the day and fall asleep. Are you a shift worker? Learn how to lower your health risks.
6. Smoking just before turning out the light. Among other nasty things, nicotine is a stimulant that fragments your sleep cycle.
7. Keeping your iPhone, iPad, or PDA by the bed. Limit bedtime activities to sleeping and sex . . . nothing else. No playing Words With Friends, checking e-mail, or tweeting one last time. Ban anything with an electronic screen from the bedroom (radios are fine). And turn off the TV and computer an hour before you begin your bedtime rituals.
8. Napping after 3 p.m. A brief snooze midday enhances productivity, but limit your siesta to 30-45 minutes. If bedtime comes and you're not sleepy, don't take naps at all.
9. Taking a hot bath just before bed. You'll get warm all over, which sounds like a good thing, but cooling down is actually part of falling asleep (which is why you need covers). The best time for that bath is 1.5 hours before turning in. Here's a DIY sleep fix that will ease you off to dreamland.
10. Working till bedtime. Create a mental space between working -- especially important if you work at home or bring work home from the office. That includes no reading work papers in bed. Tomorrow's task list running around your brain? Write a to-do list before going to bed.
Fact about myth
Fact about myth
You Shouldn’t Cut Off the Bread’s Crust. It’s Full of Vitamins.
The truth is: In a 2002 German study, researchers found that the baking process produces a novel type of cancer-fighting antioxidant in bread that is eight times more abundant in the crust than in the crumb. That said, it’s more important to serve whole-wheat bread, with or without the crust, because it’s all around higher in nutrients, such as fiber, says New York City nutritionist Keri Glassman, author of The O2 Diet ($25, amazon.com). Make sure the ingredients list “100% whole-wheat flour.” Breads simply labeled “wheat” are usually made with a mixture of enriched white flour and whole-wheat flour and have less fiber.
If You Go Out With Wet Hair, You’ll Catch a Cold.
The truth is: You will feel cold but will be just fine healthwise, says Jim Sears, a board-certified pediatrician in San Clemente, California, and a cohost of the daytime-TV show The Doctors. He cites a study done at the Common Cold Research Unit, in Salisbury, England, in which a group of volunteers was inoculated with a cold virus up their noses. Half the group stayed in a warm room while the rest took a bath and stood dripping wet in a hallway for half an hour, then got dressed but wore wet socks for a few more hours. The wet group didn’t catch any more colds than the dry. Sears’s conclusion: “Feeling cold doesn’t affect your immune system.”
If You Cross Your Eyes, They’ll Stay That Way.
The truth is: “There’s no harm in voluntary eye crossing,” says W. Walker Motley, an assistant professor of ophthalmology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. But if you notice your child doing this a lot (when he’s not mimicking a cartoon character), he might have other vision problems.
You Should Feed a Cold and Starve a Fever.
The truth is: In both cases, eat and drink, then drink some more. “Staying hydrated is the most important thing to do, because you lose a lot of fluids when you’re ill,” says Sears, who adds that there’s no need for special beverages containing electrolytes (like Gatorade) unless you’re severely dehydrated from vomiting or diarrhea.
Gum Stays in Your Stomach for Seven Years.
The truth is: Your Little Leaguer’s wad of Big League Chew won’t (literally) stick around until high school graduation. “As with most nonfood objects that kids swallow, fluids carry gum through the intestinal tract, and within days it passes,” says David Pollack, a senior physician in the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network. And even though gum isn’t easily broken down in the digestive system, it probably won’t cause a stomachache, either.
An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away.
The truth is: A handful of blueberries a day will keep the doctor away more effectively. Blueberries are a nutritional jackpot, rich in antioxidants and fiber, and they’re also easy to toss into cereal and yogurt. That said, eating a variety of fruits and vegetables is important to prevent many chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes, down the road. (To find out how much earth-grown goodness your child should be getting, enter his or her age, sex, and level of physical activity at fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov.)
You Lose 75 Percent of Your Body Heat Through Your Head.
The truth is: “This adage was probably based on an infant’s head size, which is a much greater percentage of the total body than an adult head,” says Pollack. That’s why it’s important to make sure an infant’s head remains covered in cold weather. (This also explains those ubiquitous newborn caps at the hospital.) But for an adult, the figure is more like 10 percent. And keep in mind that heat escapes from any exposed area (feet, arms, hands), so putting on a hat is no more important than slipping on gloves.
To Get Rid of Hiccups, Have Someone Startle You.
The truth is: Most home remedies, like holding your breath or drinking from a glass of water backward, haven’t been medically proven to be effective, says Pollack. However, you can try this trick dating back to 1971, when it was published in The New England Journal of Medicine: Swallow one teaspoon of white granulated sugar. According to the study, this tactic resulted in the cessation of hiccups in 19 out of 20 afflicted patients. Sweet.
Eating Fish Makes You Smart.
The truth is: For kids up to age three or four, this is indeed the case. Fish, especially oily ones, such as salmon, are packed with omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). “DHA is particularly beneficial in the first two years of life for brain development, cognition, and visual acuity,” says Beverly Hills pediatrician Scott W. Cohen, the author of Eat, Sleep, Poop: A Common Sense Guide to Your Baby’s First Year ($16, amazon.com). And a 2008 study in Clinical Pediatrics showed an increase in vocabulary and comprehension for four-year-olds who were given daily DHA supplements. Omega-3 options for the fish-phobic? Try avocados, walnuts, and canola oil.
You Shouldn’t Swim for an Hour After Eating.
The truth is: Splash away. “After you eat, more blood flows to the digestive system and away from the muscles,” says Cohen. “The thinking was that if you exercised strenuously right after eating, that lack of blood would cause you to cramp up and drown.” But that won’t happen. Sears concurs: “You might have less energy to swim vigorously, but it shouldn’t inhibit your ability to tread water or play.”
Every Child Needs a Daily Multivitamin.
The truth is: Children who are solely breast-fed during their first year should be given a vitamin D supplement. After that, a multivitamin won’t hurt anyone, but many experts say that even if your child is in a picky phase, there’s no need to sneak Fred, Wilma, and company into his applesauce. “Even extremely fussy eaters grow normally,” Cohen says. “Your kids will eventually get what they need, even if it seems as if they’re subsisting on air and sunlight.”
Warm Milk Will Help You Fall Asleep.
The truth is: Milk contains small amounts of tryptophan (the same amino acid in turkey), “but you would have to drink gallons to get any soporific effect,” says Michael Breus, a clinical psychologist in Scottsdale, Arizona, who specializes in sleep disorders. “What is effective is a routine to help kids wind down,” he says. And if a glass of warm milk is part of the process, it can have a placebo effect, regardless of science.
You Shouldn’t Cut Off the Bread’s Crust. It’s Full of Vitamins.
The truth is: In a 2002 German study, researchers found that the baking process produces a novel type of cancer-fighting antioxidant in bread that is eight times more abundant in the crust than in the crumb. That said, it’s more important to serve whole-wheat bread, with or without the crust, because it’s all around higher in nutrients, such as fiber, says New York City nutritionist Keri Glassman, author of The O2 Diet ($25, amazon.com). Make sure the ingredients list “100% whole-wheat flour.” Breads simply labeled “wheat” are usually made with a mixture of enriched white flour and whole-wheat flour and have less fiber.
If You Go Out With Wet Hair, You’ll Catch a Cold.
The truth is: You will feel cold but will be just fine healthwise, says Jim Sears, a board-certified pediatrician in San Clemente, California, and a cohost of the daytime-TV show The Doctors. He cites a study done at the Common Cold Research Unit, in Salisbury, England, in which a group of volunteers was inoculated with a cold virus up their noses. Half the group stayed in a warm room while the rest took a bath and stood dripping wet in a hallway for half an hour, then got dressed but wore wet socks for a few more hours. The wet group didn’t catch any more colds than the dry. Sears’s conclusion: “Feeling cold doesn’t affect your immune system.”
If You Cross Your Eyes, They’ll Stay That Way.
The truth is: “There’s no harm in voluntary eye crossing,” says W. Walker Motley, an assistant professor of ophthalmology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. But if you notice your child doing this a lot (when he’s not mimicking a cartoon character), he might have other vision problems.
You Should Feed a Cold and Starve a Fever.
The truth is: In both cases, eat and drink, then drink some more. “Staying hydrated is the most important thing to do, because you lose a lot of fluids when you’re ill,” says Sears, who adds that there’s no need for special beverages containing electrolytes (like Gatorade) unless you’re severely dehydrated from vomiting or diarrhea.
Gum Stays in Your Stomach for Seven Years.
The truth is: Your Little Leaguer’s wad of Big League Chew won’t (literally) stick around until high school graduation. “As with most nonfood objects that kids swallow, fluids carry gum through the intestinal tract, and within days it passes,” says David Pollack, a senior physician in the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network. And even though gum isn’t easily broken down in the digestive system, it probably won’t cause a stomachache, either.
An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away.
The truth is: A handful of blueberries a day will keep the doctor away more effectively. Blueberries are a nutritional jackpot, rich in antioxidants and fiber, and they’re also easy to toss into cereal and yogurt. That said, eating a variety of fruits and vegetables is important to prevent many chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes, down the road. (To find out how much earth-grown goodness your child should be getting, enter his or her age, sex, and level of physical activity at fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov.)
You Lose 75 Percent of Your Body Heat Through Your Head.
The truth is: “This adage was probably based on an infant’s head size, which is a much greater percentage of the total body than an adult head,” says Pollack. That’s why it’s important to make sure an infant’s head remains covered in cold weather. (This also explains those ubiquitous newborn caps at the hospital.) But for an adult, the figure is more like 10 percent. And keep in mind that heat escapes from any exposed area (feet, arms, hands), so putting on a hat is no more important than slipping on gloves.
To Get Rid of Hiccups, Have Someone Startle You.
The truth is: Most home remedies, like holding your breath or drinking from a glass of water backward, haven’t been medically proven to be effective, says Pollack. However, you can try this trick dating back to 1971, when it was published in The New England Journal of Medicine: Swallow one teaspoon of white granulated sugar. According to the study, this tactic resulted in the cessation of hiccups in 19 out of 20 afflicted patients. Sweet.
Eating Fish Makes You Smart.
The truth is: For kids up to age three or four, this is indeed the case. Fish, especially oily ones, such as salmon, are packed with omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). “DHA is particularly beneficial in the first two years of life for brain development, cognition, and visual acuity,” says Beverly Hills pediatrician Scott W. Cohen, the author of Eat, Sleep, Poop: A Common Sense Guide to Your Baby’s First Year ($16, amazon.com). And a 2008 study in Clinical Pediatrics showed an increase in vocabulary and comprehension for four-year-olds who were given daily DHA supplements. Omega-3 options for the fish-phobic? Try avocados, walnuts, and canola oil.
You Shouldn’t Swim for an Hour After Eating.
The truth is: Splash away. “After you eat, more blood flows to the digestive system and away from the muscles,” says Cohen. “The thinking was that if you exercised strenuously right after eating, that lack of blood would cause you to cramp up and drown.” But that won’t happen. Sears concurs: “You might have less energy to swim vigorously, but it shouldn’t inhibit your ability to tread water or play.”
Every Child Needs a Daily Multivitamin.
The truth is: Children who are solely breast-fed during their first year should be given a vitamin D supplement. After that, a multivitamin won’t hurt anyone, but many experts say that even if your child is in a picky phase, there’s no need to sneak Fred, Wilma, and company into his applesauce. “Even extremely fussy eaters grow normally,” Cohen says. “Your kids will eventually get what they need, even if it seems as if they’re subsisting on air and sunlight.”
Warm Milk Will Help You Fall Asleep.
The truth is: Milk contains small amounts of tryptophan (the same amino acid in turkey), “but you would have to drink gallons to get any soporific effect,” says Michael Breus, a clinical psychologist in Scottsdale, Arizona, who specializes in sleep disorders. “What is effective is a routine to help kids wind down,” he says. And if a glass of warm milk is part of the process, it can have a placebo effect, regardless of science.
that should be avoided after meals
that should be avoided after meals
1. Drinking cold water
drink cold water:
Cold temperatures caused ice water with which berkondesasi verifiable freeze the food, which contains primarily oil (fat will be frozen). Pd Until finally it can build up fat Dlm mngakibatkan narrowing of the intestine and digestive ducts and lead to obesity pd. Well, for that from now on try changing the banality of ice water you drink with warm water to drink.
2. Eating fruits
eating fruits:
After the food into the stomach, the stomach takes 1-2 hours to digest, if after eating and then eat the fruit, the fruit will be hampered by the foods it had already eaten, akibat.a fruits can not be digested normally. If prolonged, will mnyebabkan symptoms of abdominal bloating, diarrhea or constipation and excess stomach acid.
3. Tea
for drinking tea:
It is collapsible dilute sap of the stomach, consequently affecting the digestion of food. In addition, many tea leaves contain tannins (acid Tannates), if you drink tea shabis eat, will make a protein that had not done together with digested stomach acid and form a sediment Tannates Unresponsive easily digested, thus affecting the absorption of protein. Tea is also collapsible hamper iron absorption, if circumstances so prolonged symptoms of anemia interchangeable because less iron.
4. Smoke
smoking:
Dangers of eating smoked shabis 10-fold larger than a typical day! This dikrnakan circulatory digestive tract after eating pd increased, resulting in a large number of cigarettes which contain Dlm not good for health is absorbed, so that it can damage the liver, brain and heart blood vessels and cause other diseases jg on those aspects related to this.
5. Relax their belts
relax their belts:
Relax their belt after a meal, even though it feels more comfortable, but it can cause abdominal cavity Dlm pressure drop, which force the stomach down. If the habit is then carried out, it will actually decrease gastric disease or cause bowel twisted and blocked
6. Bath
bath:
The volume of blood flow outwardly of the body will increase, and the volume of blood flow and gastric intestinal tract pd will be reduced, thus making the gastrointestinal tract function weakened, and mnyebabkan bad digestion.
7. Sports
sports:
The increased volume of interchangeable body motion affects the digestive tract of nutrient uptake. Especially the elderly, weakened heart function, blood vessel constriction, Byk meal will run once the symptoms develop decreased blood pressure and other symptoms
8. Karaoke
karaoke:
After the meal we enlarged stomach contents, stomach wall becomes thinner, the volume of blood flow increases, as such, singing interchangeable making body ronga bulkhead moved down, load the abdominal cavity increases, if the light will mnyebabkan bad digestion, and if severe it can cause interference pd stomach and other symptoms.
9. Driving a vehicle
driving a vehicle:
Prone to accidents if after eating kmudian running vehicle. This is because the stomach and intestines after eating a large amount of blood needed Dlm digest food, which resulted in major organs of the brain is deprived of blood for a while, with this dmikian verifiable cause operational errors Dlm brkendaraan.
10. Jump to sleep
sleeping:
One thing to avoid is difficult PLG drowsiness once the meal. Moreover, if the food had just consumed a very satisfying stomach in another sense very filling. However, ill try to follow your drowsiness. Sleep account after eating a meal is not digested properly verifiable. As a result, intestinal bloating and inflammation.
1. Drinking cold water
drink cold water:
Cold temperatures caused ice water with which berkondesasi verifiable freeze the food, which contains primarily oil (fat will be frozen). Pd Until finally it can build up fat Dlm mngakibatkan narrowing of the intestine and digestive ducts and lead to obesity pd. Well, for that from now on try changing the banality of ice water you drink with warm water to drink.
2. Eating fruits
eating fruits:
After the food into the stomach, the stomach takes 1-2 hours to digest, if after eating and then eat the fruit, the fruit will be hampered by the foods it had already eaten, akibat.a fruits can not be digested normally. If prolonged, will mnyebabkan symptoms of abdominal bloating, diarrhea or constipation and excess stomach acid.
3. Tea
for drinking tea:
It is collapsible dilute sap of the stomach, consequently affecting the digestion of food. In addition, many tea leaves contain tannins (acid Tannates), if you drink tea shabis eat, will make a protein that had not done together with digested stomach acid and form a sediment Tannates Unresponsive easily digested, thus affecting the absorption of protein. Tea is also collapsible hamper iron absorption, if circumstances so prolonged symptoms of anemia interchangeable because less iron.
4. Smoke
smoking:
Dangers of eating smoked shabis 10-fold larger than a typical day! This dikrnakan circulatory digestive tract after eating pd increased, resulting in a large number of cigarettes which contain Dlm not good for health is absorbed, so that it can damage the liver, brain and heart blood vessels and cause other diseases jg on those aspects related to this.
5. Relax their belts
relax their belts:
Relax their belt after a meal, even though it feels more comfortable, but it can cause abdominal cavity Dlm pressure drop, which force the stomach down. If the habit is then carried out, it will actually decrease gastric disease or cause bowel twisted and blocked
6. Bath
bath:
The volume of blood flow outwardly of the body will increase, and the volume of blood flow and gastric intestinal tract pd will be reduced, thus making the gastrointestinal tract function weakened, and mnyebabkan bad digestion.
7. Sports
sports:
The increased volume of interchangeable body motion affects the digestive tract of nutrient uptake. Especially the elderly, weakened heart function, blood vessel constriction, Byk meal will run once the symptoms develop decreased blood pressure and other symptoms
8. Karaoke
karaoke:
After the meal we enlarged stomach contents, stomach wall becomes thinner, the volume of blood flow increases, as such, singing interchangeable making body ronga bulkhead moved down, load the abdominal cavity increases, if the light will mnyebabkan bad digestion, and if severe it can cause interference pd stomach and other symptoms.
9. Driving a vehicle
driving a vehicle:
Prone to accidents if after eating kmudian running vehicle. This is because the stomach and intestines after eating a large amount of blood needed Dlm digest food, which resulted in major organs of the brain is deprived of blood for a while, with this dmikian verifiable cause operational errors Dlm brkendaraan.
10. Jump to sleep
sleeping:
One thing to avoid is difficult PLG drowsiness once the meal. Moreover, if the food had just consumed a very satisfying stomach in another sense very filling. However, ill try to follow your drowsiness. Sleep account after eating a meal is not digested properly verifiable. As a result, intestinal bloating and inflammation.
The Case of the Missing Carbon
The Case of the Missing Carbon
Main Content
Alone in a sealed jar, a mouse would die from exhaled CO2. But as scientist Joseph Priestley observed in 1771, adding a mint plant allows the mouse to thrive. In this proof of photosynthesis, the mint absorbed CO2, retained carbon for growth, and released oxygen. Two centuries later humans tried—and failed—to survive in a sealed environment in Arizona's Biosphere 2.
Photograph by Peter Essick
By Tim Appenzeller
Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine
It's there on a monitor: the forest is breathing. Late summer sunlight filters through a canopy of green as Steven Wofsy unlocks a shed in a Massachusetts woodland and enters a room stuffed with equipment and tangled with wires and hoses.
The machinery monitors the vital functions of a small section of Harvard Forest in the center of the state. Bright red numbers dance on a gauge, flickering up and down several times a second. The reading reveals the carbon dioxide concentration just above the treetops near the shed, where instruments on a hundred-foot (30-meter) tower of steel lattice sniff the air. The numbers are running surprisingly low for the beginning of the 21st century: around 360 parts per million, ten less than the global average. That's the trees' doing. Basking in the sunshine, they inhale carbon dioxide and turn it into leaves and wood.
In nourishing itself, this patch of pine, oak, and maple is also undoing a tiny bit of a great global change driven by humanity. Start the car, turn on a light, adjust the thermostat, or do just about anything, and you add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If you're an average resident of the United States, your contribution adds up to more than 5.5 tons (5 metric tons) of carbon a year.
The coal, oil, and natural gas that drive the industrial world's economy all contain carbon inhaled by plants hundreds of millions of years ago—carbon that now is returning to the atmosphere through smokestacks and exhaust pipes, joining emissions from forest burned to clear land in poorer countries. Carbon dioxide is foremost in an array of gases from human activity that increase the atmosphere's ability to trap heat. (Methane from cattle, rice fields, and landfills, and the chlorofluorocarbons in some refrigerators and air conditioners are others.) Few scientists doubt that this greenhouse warming of the atmosphere is already taking hold. Melting glaciers, earlier springs, and a steady rise in global average temperature are just some of its harbingers.
By rights it should be worse. Each year humanity dumps roughly 8.8 billion tons (8 metric tons) of carbon into the atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons (5.9 metric tons) from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion (1.4 metric) from deforestation. But less than half that total, 3.2 billion tons (2.9 metric tons), remains in the atmosphere to warm the planet. Where is the missing carbon? "It's a really major mystery, if you think about it," says Wofsy, an atmospheric scientist at Harvard University. His research site in the Harvard Forest is apparently not the only place where nature is breathing deep and helping save us from ourselves. Forests, grasslands, and the waters of the oceans must be acting as carbon sinks. They steal back roughly half of the carbon dioxide we emit, slowing its buildup in the atmosphere and delaying the effects on climate.
Who can complain? No one, for now. But the problem is that scientists can't be sure that this blessing will last, or whether, as the globe continues to warm, it might even change to a curse if forests and other ecosystems change from carbon sinks to sources, releasing more carbon into the atmosphere than they absorb. The doubts have sent researchers into forests and rangelands, out to the tundra and to sea, to track down and understand the missing carbon.
Main Content
Alone in a sealed jar, a mouse would die from exhaled CO2. But as scientist Joseph Priestley observed in 1771, adding a mint plant allows the mouse to thrive. In this proof of photosynthesis, the mint absorbed CO2, retained carbon for growth, and released oxygen. Two centuries later humans tried—and failed—to survive in a sealed environment in Arizona's Biosphere 2.
Photograph by Peter Essick
By Tim Appenzeller
Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine
It's there on a monitor: the forest is breathing. Late summer sunlight filters through a canopy of green as Steven Wofsy unlocks a shed in a Massachusetts woodland and enters a room stuffed with equipment and tangled with wires and hoses.
The machinery monitors the vital functions of a small section of Harvard Forest in the center of the state. Bright red numbers dance on a gauge, flickering up and down several times a second. The reading reveals the carbon dioxide concentration just above the treetops near the shed, where instruments on a hundred-foot (30-meter) tower of steel lattice sniff the air. The numbers are running surprisingly low for the beginning of the 21st century: around 360 parts per million, ten less than the global average. That's the trees' doing. Basking in the sunshine, they inhale carbon dioxide and turn it into leaves and wood.
In nourishing itself, this patch of pine, oak, and maple is also undoing a tiny bit of a great global change driven by humanity. Start the car, turn on a light, adjust the thermostat, or do just about anything, and you add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If you're an average resident of the United States, your contribution adds up to more than 5.5 tons (5 metric tons) of carbon a year.
The coal, oil, and natural gas that drive the industrial world's economy all contain carbon inhaled by plants hundreds of millions of years ago—carbon that now is returning to the atmosphere through smokestacks and exhaust pipes, joining emissions from forest burned to clear land in poorer countries. Carbon dioxide is foremost in an array of gases from human activity that increase the atmosphere's ability to trap heat. (Methane from cattle, rice fields, and landfills, and the chlorofluorocarbons in some refrigerators and air conditioners are others.) Few scientists doubt that this greenhouse warming of the atmosphere is already taking hold. Melting glaciers, earlier springs, and a steady rise in global average temperature are just some of its harbingers.
By rights it should be worse. Each year humanity dumps roughly 8.8 billion tons (8 metric tons) of carbon into the atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons (5.9 metric tons) from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion (1.4 metric) from deforestation. But less than half that total, 3.2 billion tons (2.9 metric tons), remains in the atmosphere to warm the planet. Where is the missing carbon? "It's a really major mystery, if you think about it," says Wofsy, an atmospheric scientist at Harvard University. His research site in the Harvard Forest is apparently not the only place where nature is breathing deep and helping save us from ourselves. Forests, grasslands, and the waters of the oceans must be acting as carbon sinks. They steal back roughly half of the carbon dioxide we emit, slowing its buildup in the atmosphere and delaying the effects on climate.
Who can complain? No one, for now. But the problem is that scientists can't be sure that this blessing will last, or whether, as the globe continues to warm, it might even change to a curse if forests and other ecosystems change from carbon sinks to sources, releasing more carbon into the atmosphere than they absorb. The doubts have sent researchers into forests and rangelands, out to the tundra and to sea, to track down and understand the missing carbon.
Teori Present Perfect
Teori Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Present perfect tense is used to express action or situation that has or has occurred. When did the act or situation is not too important.
Sentence patterns present perfect tense.
Pattern I
(+) S + have / has + V3
(-) S + have / has + not + V3
(?) Have / has + S + V3
Pattern II
(+) S + have / has + been + adj / Adv / N
(-) S + have / has + not + been + adj / Adv / N
(?) Have / has + S + been + adj / Adv / N
Example sentence pattern I:
I have finished my work.
She has not eaten lunch.
Have you seen That movie?
Sample sentence pattern II:
She has been sick for two days.
They have not been busy for one day.
Have you been here for two hours?
Notes
Has used if the subject is third person singular (he, she, it).
In conversation (present perfect tense) is usually the subject and auxiliary verb experiencing condensation (contraction). And sometimes in the form of writing, the cutting is also used.
I've finished my work.
She's been sick for two days.
Abbreviations' s after the subject of a third person can mean the auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verb) have or be. "It's eaten" can mean:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
Consider the context, it will be clear where auxiliary verbs are used.
Present perfect tense is often used in England than in America are more likely to use past tense forms.
Have you Had lunch? (English)
Did you have lunch? (United States)
Present Perfect
Present perfect tense is used to express action or situation that has or has occurred. When did the act or situation is not too important.
Sentence patterns present perfect tense.
Pattern I
(+) S + have / has + V3
(-) S + have / has + not + V3
(?) Have / has + S + V3
Pattern II
(+) S + have / has + been + adj / Adv / N
(-) S + have / has + not + been + adj / Adv / N
(?) Have / has + S + been + adj / Adv / N
Example sentence pattern I:
I have finished my work.
She has not eaten lunch.
Have you seen That movie?
Sample sentence pattern II:
She has been sick for two days.
They have not been busy for one day.
Have you been here for two hours?
Notes
Has used if the subject is third person singular (he, she, it).
In conversation (present perfect tense) is usually the subject and auxiliary verb experiencing condensation (contraction). And sometimes in the form of writing, the cutting is also used.
I've finished my work.
She's been sick for two days.
Abbreviations' s after the subject of a third person can mean the auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verb) have or be. "It's eaten" can mean:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
Consider the context, it will be clear where auxiliary verbs are used.
Present perfect tense is often used in England than in America are more likely to use past tense forms.
Have you Had lunch? (English)
Did you have lunch? (United States)
Sabtu, 07 Mei 2011
Contoh Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct and Indirect Speech
1. Direct Speech
We can give the exact words (more or less) that were said, or that we imagine were thought. This kind of structure is called ‘direct speech’.
So he said, ‘I want to go home,’ and just walked out.
Did she say, ‘What do you want?’
And then I thought, ‘Well, does he really mean it?’
2. Indirect Speech
We can make a speaker’s words or thoughts part of our own sentence, using conjunctions (e.g.that), and changing pronouns, tenses and other words where necessary. This kind of structure is called ‘indirect’ or ‘reported speech’.
So he said that he wanted to go home, and just walked out.
Did she just ask what you wanted?
And then I wondered whether he really meant it.
Words that are spoken or thought in one place by one person may be reported in another place at a different time, and perhaps by another person. Because of this, there are often grammatical differences between direct and indirect speech. These changes are mostly natural and logical, and it is not necessary to learn complicated rules about indirect speech in English.
BILL (on Saturday evening): I don’t like this party. I want to go home now.
PETER (on Sunday morning): Bill said that he didn’t like the party, and he wanted to go home right away.
Let’s pay attention to the following explanations in short
A. Changes in Tense
Direct Indirect
Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Simple Future Tense Conditional with “would”
Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous
B. Changes in Time
Direct Indirect
Today On the day/that day
Tomorrow The next day/the following day
Yesterday The previous day; the day before
Next week The following week/the next week
Last week The previous week; the week before
Now Then
C. Changes in Place
Direct Indirect
Here There; at that place
In this room In that room
.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
A. Command
e.g.: 1. “Stand up!”
2. “Close the window!”
I asked the boy to stand up.
Mother asked me to close the window.
B. Statement
e.g.: 1. Barry is very kind.
2. We should wait till he comes
They said that Barry was very kind.
I suggested that we should wait until he came.
C. Question
e.g.: 1. did you come last night?
2. Why are you so upset?
John asked me if I had come the previous night.
I asked Linda why she was so upset.
Contoh-contoh kalimat direct and indirect
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Contoh Direct and Indirect di Dalam Teks
*keterangan:
~kalimat yang di beri bold merupakan contoh kalimat Direct
~kalimat yang di beri underline dan italic merupakan contoh kalimat Indirect
The Miser and His Purse
There was once lived a miser in Durgapur. One day he went shopping. He had a thousand rupees in his purse. As he was stepping into a shop, he felt for the purse in his pocket. He could not find it. ”It must have dropped when I took out my handkerchief,” he thought. He hurried back along the street, looking for the purse. He could not find it. He was in great distress.
The miser rushed to the town crier and sought his help. The town crier said that miser must offered a reward to the person who found the purse, or else miser wouldn’t get his purse back. The miser offered a reward of fifty rupees. The crier made the announcement.
The next day, a farmer came to the miser. “I found this purse near the lamp-post over these,” said the farmer. “Does it belong to you?”
The miser said that it was his purse, and he counted the money in the purse. “Thank you very much for returning my purse,” he added. But he did not give the farmer his reward.
The farmer asked that where was his rewards.
“There was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in my purse,” replied the miser. “Now I find only one thousand rupees. You have already taken you reward.”
The farmer said that he hadn’t take some money from the purse.
The miser shouted that the farmer was lying.
The farmer went to the court of law. The judge heard the case and sent for the miser. He took the purse and examined it.
“You say there was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in your purse,” said the judge. “This purse contains only one thousand rupees. So the purse can’t be yours.” He gave the purse to the farmer.
1. Direct Speech
We can give the exact words (more or less) that were said, or that we imagine were thought. This kind of structure is called ‘direct speech’.
So he said, ‘I want to go home,’ and just walked out.
Did she say, ‘What do you want?’
And then I thought, ‘Well, does he really mean it?’
2. Indirect Speech
We can make a speaker’s words or thoughts part of our own sentence, using conjunctions (e.g.that), and changing pronouns, tenses and other words where necessary. This kind of structure is called ‘indirect’ or ‘reported speech’.
So he said that he wanted to go home, and just walked out.
Did she just ask what you wanted?
And then I wondered whether he really meant it.
Words that are spoken or thought in one place by one person may be reported in another place at a different time, and perhaps by another person. Because of this, there are often grammatical differences between direct and indirect speech. These changes are mostly natural and logical, and it is not necessary to learn complicated rules about indirect speech in English.
BILL (on Saturday evening): I don’t like this party. I want to go home now.
PETER (on Sunday morning): Bill said that he didn’t like the party, and he wanted to go home right away.
Let’s pay attention to the following explanations in short
A. Changes in Tense
Direct Indirect
Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Simple Future Tense Conditional with “would”
Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous
B. Changes in Time
Direct Indirect
Today On the day/that day
Tomorrow The next day/the following day
Yesterday The previous day; the day before
Next week The following week/the next week
Last week The previous week; the week before
Now Then
C. Changes in Place
Direct Indirect
Here There; at that place
In this room In that room
.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
A. Command
e.g.: 1. “Stand up!”
2. “Close the window!”
I asked the boy to stand up.
Mother asked me to close the window.
B. Statement
e.g.: 1. Barry is very kind.
2. We should wait till he comes
They said that Barry was very kind.
I suggested that we should wait until he came.
C. Question
e.g.: 1. did you come last night?
2. Why are you so upset?
John asked me if I had come the previous night.
I asked Linda why she was so upset.
Contoh-contoh kalimat direct and indirect
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Contoh Direct and Indirect di Dalam Teks
*keterangan:
~kalimat yang di beri bold merupakan contoh kalimat Direct
~kalimat yang di beri underline dan italic merupakan contoh kalimat Indirect
The Miser and His Purse
There was once lived a miser in Durgapur. One day he went shopping. He had a thousand rupees in his purse. As he was stepping into a shop, he felt for the purse in his pocket. He could not find it. ”It must have dropped when I took out my handkerchief,” he thought. He hurried back along the street, looking for the purse. He could not find it. He was in great distress.
The miser rushed to the town crier and sought his help. The town crier said that miser must offered a reward to the person who found the purse, or else miser wouldn’t get his purse back. The miser offered a reward of fifty rupees. The crier made the announcement.
The next day, a farmer came to the miser. “I found this purse near the lamp-post over these,” said the farmer. “Does it belong to you?”
The miser said that it was his purse, and he counted the money in the purse. “Thank you very much for returning my purse,” he added. But he did not give the farmer his reward.
The farmer asked that where was his rewards.
“There was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in my purse,” replied the miser. “Now I find only one thousand rupees. You have already taken you reward.”
The farmer said that he hadn’t take some money from the purse.
The miser shouted that the farmer was lying.
The farmer went to the court of law. The judge heard the case and sent for the miser. He took the purse and examined it.
“You say there was a sum of one thousand and fifty rupees in your purse,” said the judge. “This purse contains only one thousand rupees. So the purse can’t be yours.” He gave the purse to the farmer.
artikel direct and indirect
Indirect approach Indirect approach is should know clearly that the indirect approach is the best way rather than direct xander 17 months ago . very nice artikelAn animated tutorial comparing the direct and indirect ELISA methods; ELISA Protocol "Introduction to ELISA Activity - beginner walkthrough of ELISA used for detecting HIV
The direct and indirect energy requirement of households in the Netherlands. Dit artikel is een licht aangepaste versie van: hoofdstuk 4 (260 kB) in mijn Managing the Total Environment * Influencing the direct-action environment * Monitoring the indirect-action environment * Adjusting to the environmentArtikel Direct and Indirect. Aladin is a man who comes from the Persian state. He lived alone with his mother. They live in simplicity. Until one day there was a man who came home Aladin. The man said that he was the brother of the Artikel Direct Indirect. Aladdin and the magic lamp. Aladin is a man who comes from the Persian state. He lived alone with his mother. They live in simplicity. Until one day there was a man who came home Aladin. Artikel Direct and Indirect. Article direct indirect. Aladdin and the magic lamp. Aladin is a man who comes from the Persian state. He lived alone with his mother. They live in simplicity. Until one day there was a man who came home Homepage Nivja de Jong Proefschrift (UvA Dare) Artikel over onderzoek op Investigating the effect of direct and indirect corrective feedback in multilingual ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT. Occurrence of the White Sand Beach. Once upon a time there lived a poor farmer and his wife. Before falling into poverty, the farmers were very rich, very wide fields. However, once the farmer was stricken Integration Services provides direct and indirect configurations. If you specify configurations directly, Integration Services creates a direct link between the artikel direct and indirect speech reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect artikel direct and indirect speech. chiken feed. Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments. One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he There are direct and indirect costs associated with an occupational injury, including the medical cost of treating the injury; the cost of replacement staff, as well as ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT. Lovely Friendship. When the soles of my shoes, shoe last, broken in the middle of last year's dry, I could meratapinya. But, when the rainy season like this coming, I knew immediately that such luxuries artikel direct & indirect. A Little Friend . That was a bad day for our Mr. Lion King. During his chase to catch a rabbit he sprang into a small bush from where he came out not with the rabbit but with a large thorn in his palm.
DIRECT APPROACH Ciri-ciri direct approach adalah menunjukkan KETERTARIKAN sejak awal. Ketertarikan disini bukan KALIMAT melainkan KONSEP. Direct approach disalah artikan direct and indirect object exercises, direct and indirect object exercises free pdf dang kinh te ki thuat thai nguyen 1pd1 ejemplos de derivadas e integrales artikel artikel direct and indirect speech. chiken feed. Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments. One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he Artikel Direct and Indirect My Homeland Love of the homeland is an affection and a love of place of birth or his homeland. Love the country that are owned by the Indonesian people are already fading. This we can see from the many cases Artikel direct indirect 1)Love homeland. Love of the homeland is an affection and a love of place of birth or his homeland. Love the country that are owned by the Indonesian people are already fading. This we can see from the many cases
The direct and indirect energy requirement of households in the Netherlands. Dit artikel is een licht aangepaste versie van: hoofdstuk 4 (260 kB) in mijn Managing the Total Environment * Influencing the direct-action environment * Monitoring the indirect-action environment * Adjusting to the environmentArtikel Direct and Indirect. Aladin is a man who comes from the Persian state. He lived alone with his mother. They live in simplicity. Until one day there was a man who came home Aladin. The man said that he was the brother of the Artikel Direct Indirect. Aladdin and the magic lamp. Aladin is a man who comes from the Persian state. He lived alone with his mother. They live in simplicity. Until one day there was a man who came home Aladin. Artikel Direct and Indirect. Article direct indirect. Aladdin and the magic lamp. Aladin is a man who comes from the Persian state. He lived alone with his mother. They live in simplicity. Until one day there was a man who came home Homepage Nivja de Jong Proefschrift (UvA Dare) Artikel over onderzoek op Investigating the effect of direct and indirect corrective feedback in multilingual ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT. Occurrence of the White Sand Beach. Once upon a time there lived a poor farmer and his wife. Before falling into poverty, the farmers were very rich, very wide fields. However, once the farmer was stricken Integration Services provides direct and indirect configurations. If you specify configurations directly, Integration Services creates a direct link between the artikel direct and indirect speech reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect artikel direct and indirect speech. chiken feed. Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments. One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he There are direct and indirect costs associated with an occupational injury, including the medical cost of treating the injury; the cost of replacement staff, as well as ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT. Lovely Friendship. When the soles of my shoes, shoe last, broken in the middle of last year's dry, I could meratapinya. But, when the rainy season like this coming, I knew immediately that such luxuries artikel direct & indirect. A Little Friend . That was a bad day for our Mr. Lion King. During his chase to catch a rabbit he sprang into a small bush from where he came out not with the rabbit but with a large thorn in his palm.
DIRECT APPROACH Ciri-ciri direct approach adalah menunjukkan KETERTARIKAN sejak awal. Ketertarikan disini bukan KALIMAT melainkan KONSEP. Direct approach disalah artikan direct and indirect object exercises, direct and indirect object exercises free pdf dang kinh te ki thuat thai nguyen 1pd1 ejemplos de derivadas e integrales artikel artikel direct and indirect speech. chiken feed. Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments. One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he Artikel Direct and Indirect My Homeland Love of the homeland is an affection and a love of place of birth or his homeland. Love the country that are owned by the Indonesian people are already fading. This we can see from the many cases Artikel direct indirect 1)Love homeland. Love of the homeland is an affection and a love of place of birth or his homeland. Love the country that are owned by the Indonesian people are already fading. This we can see from the many cases
Minggu, 01 Mei 2011
DIRECT dan INDIRECT
"pengertian DIRECT dan INDIRECT speech
penjelasan direct and indirect speech
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
penjelasan direct and indirect speech
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
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